Bacteria and disinfectant

purpose : how concentration can affect the performance rate of disinfectants in killing micro-organism

hypothesis: I predict that the higher the concentration of the disinfectant ,the larger the rate of killing off the bacteria.

fair test: 

Independent Variables: Concentration of Savlon.
How will it be changed?: by diluting  the water with the savlon.
Suitable Range: 0%, 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000 
Dependent Variable:  We measured the zone of inhibition (diameter (mm)). We used the same type of bacteria on the agar plate. We used diluted yoghurt.

Reliable Data: I can ensure my data is reliable because I sealed the agar plate and every time I'm not using it I put the lid on the agar  I sterilized the tweezers each time with ethanol. 
Controlled variables : We also kept the type of antiseptic used (Savlon) the same and the size of the filter paper 

equipment:

Agar plate 

marker pen 

filter paper 

hole puncher 

10ml measuring cylinder

savlon 

ruler 

bacteria 

cotton bud 

plastic pipette 

tweezers
Ethanol
lighter
diluted yoghurt 

bunion burner

method:

1. With a permanent marker ,label your agar plate as a quadrant (see diagram)

2. Take a cotton bud ,dip it into the diluted yoghurt and the diluted yoghurt is in a breaker. pour over the agar plate, clean up with paper towel. Don't touch the jelly. 

3. Use a plastic spotting tile and a pipette  and Take the Savlon and diluted the Savlon 

- for %0 Savlon  put water in the first hole in the spotting tile and use the pipette to drop the water  ,10 drops. This is called  "control"

-for 1:10 savlon  , take  one drop of savlon that you used in the first spotting tile hole  and put that one drop in a second hole ,put 9 drops of water in the second tile.

-for 1:100 savlon  , take one drop of the 1:10 solution then put the one drop into the third tile and then put 9 more drops of water in the third tile.
-for 1:1000 savlon , take one drop of 1:100 solution next put the one drop into the fourth tile and then put 9 drops of water in the fourth tile.

4. Get the filter paper to hole punch 4 circles .

5. Turn on the Bunsen burner. Get the tweezers and put the top of the tweezers in Ethanol then run it over the flame to sterilizes the tweezers. Don't put the ethanol close to the flame.

6. Pick up the circles with the tweezers and put the first circle in the  %0/control  savlon  ,put it in the first quadrant then sterilizes the tweezers again and put the second circle in the 1:10  , put it in the second quadrant then do the same step with the 1:100 and the 1:1000.

7. Put the lid on the agar plate and leave it for 24 hours.

	different concertration of the savlon affecting on inhibition zone
		zone of inhibition on the different plates (mm)
	conertration of savlon	1	2	3	average
	0%	0	0	0	0
	1:1000	9	9	8	8.7
	1:100	11	11	11	11
	1:10	17	17	18	17

Conclusion

I predicted that the higher the concentration of the disinfectant ,the higher the rate of killing off the bacteria. By analyzing my table and graph I can see my hypothesis is right. On my graph there is a trend line. I can see an increase trend forming, that's another evidences  that my hypothesis was correct.
The trend is that the higher the concentration of savlon the larger the inhibition zone.

I concluded that by increasing the concentration of savlon the larger the inhibition zone around the filter paper because the bacteria was unable to grow.

discussion 

Savlon is an antiseptic brand with two antiseptics, cetrimide and chlorhexidine
cetrimide is antiseptic substance and destroys certain type of bacteria that can infect the skin It helps maintain cleanliness of the skin . Chlorhexidine is a disinfectant and antiseptic that is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to sterilize surgical instruments.Savlon helps perverts infection , burns , small wounds etc. The structure of the bacteria. Capsule is the outer layer which protects the cell and aids in defense against immune system. Cell wall stronger layer which protects and provides the shape of the cell. Cell membrane a flexible barrier which controls what enters and exits the cell. Pili not all bacteria have it. It helps to attached to other bacteria.  Cytoplasm gel-like material inside the cell which holds the cells organelles.  Ribosomes location of protein synthesis.  Nucleoid  cell genetic information codes essential life processes. Flagellum tail which aids in cell movements. plasmid small circular piece of DNA which codes for additional non-essential processes. bacteria   

growth 

phase 1 : lag phase 

Bacteria initially placed in the culture begin to take in nutrients, synthesize  their RNA and their protein they are not ready to replicate yet.

Phase 2: exponential phase 

bacteria replicate quickly, using the readily available nutrients in the broth.

Phase 3: stationary phase 

depletion of an essential nutrients cause the bacteria growth rate and death rate to be equal during this phase.

Phase 4 : Death phase

bacteria dies as the nutrients are no longer readily available.

     

Nutrients 

Bacteria absorb nutrients to grow and secrete wastes through cell membrane, cell wall, capsule. Active transport helps with the nutrients. It uses kinetic energy and the Membrane proteins to move materials against their concentration gradients from a area of an lower to an higher concentration.

https://openoregonstate.pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/6/2016/06/Active-Transport-Types-1024x891.png

The bacteria reproducing is by binary fission.In the process its started off as one then divides or splits into two identical daughter cells. The bacteria divides every 20 mins. So the bacteria stop growing around the filter paper because higher the concentration of savlon higher the killing of the bacteria, the inhibition zone would be bigger.  

http://leavingcertbiology.net/uploads/3/4/3/2/34323540/8719358.jpg?454


My experiment was reliable because I sterilizer my tweezers each time before using it so I don't contaminate the other filter paper  and I sealed my agar plate. The only thing that went wrong is when I put my filter paper to close together and I though it will ruin the experiment but it didn't. My anomalies were my control ( only water )  had killed  little of the bacteria  around the filter paper. I was thinking if we used office paper instead than filter paper will it changed the experiment? My other question are, what happens when we let the bacteria grow in a warm room for a week will it changed massively or changed slightly than 24 hours. What  happens when we didn't use diluted yoghurt and we use something else like meat or fruit? 






   

Art filo

This is my Art filo.

 I did mix media: painting , water colour , sketching , wood cut and photography. 

I started off water painting. My first piece was the eye on the left side of the second panel. the water painting colours used is warm colours with a sketch balloon in the middle of the eye. The eye represents looking at the world, like you can do anything you want, you can fly, go invisible if you want. After the first piece I didn't know what to do. I planned and planned but didn't came up with anything. Then I started to think like a balloon. I believe balloon represent freedom, choosing your own choices. They stay in a pack, working together. I tried to make sense why I put the trees in and the line, black balloons ,colourful balloons. Because in the photography there are lines from the wood  and the trees are shaded behind the balloon. The shaded  balloon means to me , is like it came out  of the picture and went on another art work. It's like I let go of the balloon and it went to the sky. The sun to me means a pathway to you life and again your choices. The cats to me means relaxing and connecting to yourself, patience,exploration of the unknown or the unconscious. Using different medias help me understand different art work ideas I can do and create different reason way I  should work on them more. 

    

Bactria and disinfectants savlon

                            Bactria  and disinfectants 

purpose : how concentration can affect the performance rate of disinfectants in killing micro-organism

hypothesis: I predict that the higher the concentration of the disinfectant ,the higher the rate of killing off the bacteria.

equipment:

Agar plate 

marker pen 

filter paper 

hole puncher 

10ml measuring cylinder

Dettol

ruler 

bacteria 

cotton bud 

plastic pipette 

tweezers
Ethanol 

method:

1. With a permanent marker ,label your agar plate as a quadrant (see diagram) 

2. Take a cotton bud ,dip it into the yoghurt and the yoghurt is in a breaker.

Spread evenly across the agar plate. 

3. Use a plastic spotting tile and a pipette  and Take the Savlon and diluted the Savlon 

- for %0 Savlon  put water in the first hole in the spotting tile and use the pipette to drop the water  ,10 drops. This is called  "control"

-for 1:10 savlon  , take  one drop of savlon that you used in the first spotting tile hole  and put that one drop in a second hole ,put 9 drops of water in the second tile.

-for 1:100 savlon  , take one drop of the 1:10 solution then put the one drop into the third tile and then put 9 more drops of water in the third tile.
-for 1:1000 savlon , take one drop of 1:100 solution next put the one drop into the fourth tile and then put 9 drops of water in the fourth tile.

4. Get the filter paper to hole punch 4 circles .

5. Turn on the Bunsen burner. Get the tweezers and put the top of the tweezers in Ethanol then run it over the flame to sterilizes the tweezers.

6. Pick up the circles with the tweezers and put the first circle in the  %100/control  savlon  ,put it in the first quadrant then sterilizes the tweezers again and put the second circle in the 1:10  , put it in the second quadrant then do the same step with the 1:100 and the 1:1000.

7. Put the lid on the agar plate and leave it for 24 hours.

research:    

*bacteria 

*choroxylenol 

*what does choroxylenol do to bacteria 

*bacteria life cycle 

* dettol -how does it work -what is it -what is disinfectant. 

Chloroxylenol, also known as para-chloro-meta-xylenol , is an antiseptic and disinfectant which is used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical tools . It is also used within a number of household disinfectants eg floor , window , bath etc and wounds cleaner. Chloroxylenol is most effective against Gram-positive bacteria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroxylenol.

Bactria a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some which can cause disease.

gram-negative bacteria have a very thin peptidoglycan layer that is sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane.http://fermup.com/blog/what-does-gram-positive-mean/

Bacteria life cycle 

Evil make up

https://nz.pinterest.com/emmabakers177/make-up/

 ( link ) This is what I picked for my make up . I like the pattern in some of the pictures I saved  and the eyes, lips. I think it will fit what I am imagining to do.






These two are my favorite , I have different Ideas.  I'm thinking  dirty skin with gorgeous make up.
I'm thinking  about making it have a little colour, To represent weakness: All evil have a weakness. I'm thinking ( in the link) having blue , purple , green, not just black  for this make up. I'm also thinking that sick looking too or a young looking witch fairy.

rates of reaction

Experiment 1      investigating the effects of temperature on reaction rate.


Aim : 
i want to investigate how temperature effects the reaction rate.


equipment
-conical flask
-beaker
-measuring cylinder
-stopwatch
-water bath
-paper with a black cross X
-0.1mol/L sodium thiosulfate
-2.0mol/L hydrochloric acid

method
1. put the X paper on bench mat, put the conical flask on top of the paper
2. measure 50ml of sodium thiosulfate solution ,put it into the beaker
3. record the temp of the sodium thiosulfate
4. measure 50ml of HCL , pour this into the conical flask
5. pour sodium  thioslfate into the conical flask , start the stopwatch and swirl the flask . Time how long it takes for the cross to disappear when viewed from above.
6. wash out the flask thoroughly.
7. repeat the experiment ,using a watch bath to heat the sodium thiosulfate to 30degrees then 40 degrees and then 50 degrees.keep the volume of acid the same each time.


result:
room temp , 31s
30 degrees
40 degrees
50 degrees

Experiment 2:        Investigating the Effects of Concentration on Reaction Rates.

Aim:  I want to investigate how temperature effects the reaction rate.

Equipment:

• conical flask
• measuring cylinder
• stopwatch
• black cross on paper
• 0.2 mol/L sodium thiosulfate
• 1.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid (HCL)

Method: 

1.  Put 'X' on paper on the bench mat, and put the conical flask on top of paper.
2. measure 10 ml of sodium thiosulfate solution and put it into the conical flask.
3. measure 40 mls of water and put into the conical flask. Then swirl the flask to mix the contents.
4. measure 5 ml of HCL and pour this into the conical flask, start the stopwatch and swirl the flask and time how long it takes for the cross to disappear. 
5. wash out the flask thoroughly repeat the experiment using the other volumes of sodium thiosulfate and water in the table on the right. keep the volume of acid the same each time. 

10mL Thiosulfate/40mL Water took 18 mins & 35 seconds for the X to disappear.
20mL Thiosulfate/30mL Water took 54 seconds for the X to disappear.
30mL Thiosulfate/20mL Water took 1 min 26 seconds for the X to disappear.
40mL Thiosulfate/10mL Water took 24 seconds for the X to disappear.
50mL Thiosulfate/0mL Water took 51 seconds for the X to disappear.

Experiment3: observing the effects of surface ares on reaction rate 

Aim:

To make simple observations during a reaction between calcium carbonate (CaCO3) chips and power , with hydrochloric acid (HCL).

Equipment: 

-boiling tube,

-calcium carbonate chips  and powder 

 -hydrochoric acid 

 -measuring cylinder spatula 

method

1. measure 2ml of hydrochloric acid and pour this into your boiling tube.

2.holding your boiling tube over a sink or heatproof mat, add a pea-size amount of calcium  carbonate powder to your boiling tube. record your observations below.

3. Repeat the experiment, but this time use a chip of calcium carbonate that is roughly the same size as the spatula of powder you used previously. Record your observations below.

observation of powder CaCO3= 

It bubbled up and the hydrochloric acid went cloudy.

observation of CaCO3 chip =
It fizzing up and the hydrochloric acid went cloudy



experiment 4 catalysts 

AIM:
observer the effects of a copper catalyst on the reaction between zine and sulfate acid.


equipment 
- There test tubes
-test tube rack
-10ml  measuring cylinder
-dropping pipette
-granulated zinc
-copper turning or powder
-dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4)


 Method:

1.  Add roughly the same mass of zinc test tubes 1 and 3.

2.  Add roughly the same mass of copper to test tubes 2 and 3. 

3.  Add 5 mL of dilute sulfuric acid to test tube 1. Note the rate of production of gas bubbles.

4.  Add 5 mL of the acid to test tube 2. Note the rate of production of gas bubbles.

5.  Add 5 mL of the acid to test tube 3. Note the rate of production of gas bubbles.

Observations 

Test tube 1

Zinc and Acid 

it fizzed 

Test tube 2

Copper and Acid 

it bubbled 

Test tube 3 

Zinc, Copper and Acid 

little bubble but after that nothing 

Eye of African

  I used yellow, green,brown,orange/red colours. The balloon is the constant object in the arts folios.  To me its looks smooth but like when these water colour mix together.  Its my first piece of art work and it keeps reminding about earth, earthy looking because of the green and the yellow. The balloon represents her imagination, then you look at all my other artworks you can see her imagination had gone on a adventure. The balloon represents freedom ,living life, living how you want  , who you would like yo be , it represent who you are. If you are going to write about you life don't make it boring one. To me that's what it represents.

history art

The last supper by Leonardo da vinic
4.6m x 8.8m
Santa maria Delle Grazie  
1495-1498

The last supper is late 15-century mural painting by Leonardo da vinic. This is the worlds famous painting.
The painting represents the scene of the last supper of Jesus with his disciples , as it was told in Gospel of John ,13:21.It cover an end wall of the dining hall at the mastery of Santa maria delle grazie in Milan ,Italy. 
Leonardo imagined, and has succeeded in expressing, the desire that has entered the minds of the apostles to know who is betraying their Master. So in the face of each one may be seen love, fear, indignation, or grief at not being able to understand the meaning of Christ; and this excites no less astonishment than the obstinate hatred and treachery to be seen in Judas

.The subject of the Last Supper is Christ’s final meal with his apostles before Judas identifies Christ to the authorities who arrest him.Christ says to his apostles “One of you will betray me,” and the apostles react, each according to his own personality.  Referring to the Gospels, Leonardo depicts Philip asking “Lord, is it I?”  Christ replies, “He that dippeth his hand with me in the dish, the same shall betray me” .  We see Christ and Judas simultaneously reaching toward a plate that lies between them, even as Judas defensively backs away.

The Last Supper is in terrible condition. Soon after the painting was completed on February 9, 1498 it began to deteriorate. By the second half of the sixteenth century Giovan Paulo Lomazzo stated that, “…the painting is all ruined.” Over the past five hundred years the painting’s condition has been seriously compromised by its location, the materials and techniques used, humidity, dust, and poor restoration efforts. Modern problems have included a bomb that hit the monastery destroying a large section of the refectory on August 16, 1943, severe air pollution in postwar Milan, and finally, the effects of crowding tourists.

beef wrap and sushi

Chicken wraps

Ingredients:

• 1 wrap per person
• Lettuce
• Cheese
• Tomato
• Grated carrot
• ¼ onions
• 1t oil
• Sauces – tomato, bbq, mayo, hummus, chilli
• 70grams of chicken or 1 breast per table

we change the chicken to beef

Method:

1. Sauté the chicken and onions together in a pan with oil, high-med heat
2. Chop and grate the vegetables you require
3. Place Wraps in microwave for 20 seconds
4. Place filling onto wrap, roll, pierce with a tooth pick to keep in place (optional)

sushi

Ingredients 

• 2 cups uncooked short-grain white rice
• 2 cups water
• 1/2 cup water
• 1/8 teaspoon salt
• 2 sheets nori (dry seaweed), cut into 1/2-inch strips OPTIONAL
• 2 tablespoons sesame seeds OPTIONAL

Filling

• Avocado
• Peppers
• Chicken with teriyaki
• mayo

Directions

1. Wash the rice in a mesh strainer until the water runs clear.
2. Combine washed rice and 2 cups water in a saucepan. Bring to a boil over high heat, stirring occasionally. Reduce heat to low; cover. Simmer rice until the water is absorbed, 15 to 20 minutes.
3. Let rice rest, for 15 minutes to allow the rice to continue to steam and become tender. Allow cooked rice to cool.
4. Combine 1 cup water with the salt in a small bowl. Use this water to dampen hands before handling the rice. Divide the cooked rice into 4 equal portions. Use one portion of rice for each onigiri.
5. Divide one portion of rice in two. Create a dimple in the rice and fill with filing. Cover with the remaining portion of rice and press lightly to enclose filling inside rice ball. Gently press the rice to shape into a triangle.
6. You can also use glad wrap in a bowl – see teacher for demonstration.

-why did we need to clean our ingredients

because to get the dirt off and to get harmful bacteria off the ingredients.

-what were 2 high risk food we need to be weary about.
the chicken in both recipe and the rice in the sushi, because if the chicken not cooked it can cause salmonella and the salmonella will cause food poisoning diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. They develop 12 to 72 hours after infection, and the illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days. Most people recover without treatment. But diarrhea and dehydration may be so severe that it is necessary to go to the hospital. 
 Uncooked rice can contain spores of Bacillus cereus, a bacterium that can cause food poisoning. The spores can survive when rice is cooked. If rice is left standing at room temperature, the spores can grow into bacteria.

-what 2 strategies did you put in place.
You would know if the chicken ready because  you would cook it over 75 degrees and if you cut the chicken the juice in the chicken would be clear.
and you cook the rice in boiling water  until they are soft.

1.